Information load Designers of online shops

Information load

Designers of online shops are concerned with the effects of information load. Information load is a product of the spatial and temporal arrangements of stimuli in the web store.^[42] Compared with conventional retail shopping, the information environment of virtual shopping is enhanced by providing additional product information such as comparative products and services, as well as various alternatives and attributes of each alternative, etc.^[43] Two major dimensions of information load are complexity and novelty.^[44] Complexity refers to the number of different elements or features of a site, often the result of increased information diversity. Novelty involves the unexpected, suppressed, new, or unfamiliar aspects of the site. The novelty dimension may keep consumers exploring a shopping site, whereas the complexity dimension may induce impulse purchases.^[43]

Consumer needs and expectations

Internet consumers are self-conscious and emphasize personalized consumption, which makes the demand for online consumption different. Online consumers have different needs depending on their time and environment. Even different online consumers have different needs at the same level of demand due to the difference in income level and other factors. Compared with the centralized nature of traditional markets, online consumption is more decentralized. In the online consumer market, consumers have a short decision time, a large variability of consumer demand, a large number of purchases, but a relatively small amount of each purchase, a considerable mobility of purchases, a strong substitutability of goods, and a large elasticity of demand.^[45] According to the output of a research report by Western Michigan University published in 2005, an e-commerce website does not have to be good looking with listing on a lot of search engines. It must build relationships with customers to make money. The report also suggests that a website must leave a positive impression on the customers, giving them a reason to come back.^[46] However, resent research^[47] has proven that sites with higher focus on efficiency, convenience, and personalised services increased the customers motivation to make purchases.

Dyn, an Internet performance management company conducted a survey on more than 1400 consumers across 11 countries in North America, Europe, Middle-East and Asia and the results of the survey are as follows:

• Online retailers must improve the website speed
• Online retailers must ease consumers fear around security

These concerns majorly affect the decisions of almost two thirds of the consumers.^[48]

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Shopping cart systems

Shopping cart systems

Further information: Comparison of shopping cart software

Simple shopping cart systems allow the off-line administration of products and categories. The shop is then generated as HTML files and graphics that can be uploaded to a webspace. The systems do not use an online database.^[36] A high-end solution can be bought or rented as a stand-alone program or as an addition to an enterprise resource planning program. It is usually installed on the company's web server and may integrate into the existing supply chain so that ordering, payment, delivery, accounting and warehousing can be automated to a large extent. Other solutions allow the user to register and create an online shop on a portal that hosts multiple shops simultaneously from one back office. Examples are BigCommerce, Shopify and FlickRocket. Open source shopping cart packages include advanced platforms such as Interchange, and off-the-shelf solutions such as Magento, osCommerce, WooCommerce, PrestaShop, and Zen Cart. Commercial systems can also be tailored so the shop does not have to be created from scratch. By using an existing framework, software modules for various functionalities required by a web shop can be adapted and combined.^[37]

Design

Customers are attracted to online shopping not only because of high levels of convenience, but also because of broader selections, competitive pricing, and greater access to information.^[38][39] Business organizations seek to offer online shopping not only because it is of much lower cost compared to bricks and mortar stores, but also because it offers access to a worldwide market, increases customer value, and builds sustainable capabilities.^[40][41]

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Veicoli Space Rover

elettrificate.

Veicoli Space Rover [ modifica ]

Articolo principale: Rover (esplorazione spaziale)

Veicoli con e senza equipaggio sono stati usati per esplorare la Luna e altri pianeti del Sistema Solare . Nelle ultime tre missioni del programma Apollo nel 1971 e nel 1972, gli astronauti hanno percorso veicoli mobili lunari alimentati a batteria all'ossido d'argento per distanze fino a 35,7 chilometri (22,2 miglia) sulla superficie lunare. ^[62] I rover senza equipaggio a energia solare hanno esplorato la Luna e Marte . ^[63] [64]

EV aviotrasportati [ modifica ]

Articolo principale: aereo elettrico

Elicottero Marte Ingenuity

Fin dagli inizi dell'aviazione, l'energia elettrica per gli aerei ha ricevuto una grande quantità di sperimentazione. Attualmente, gli aerei elettrici volanti includono veicoli aerei con e senza equipaggio.

EV marittimi [ modifica ]

Vedi anche: Sottomarino § Propulsione , Nave § Sistemi di propulsione e barca elettrica

Motore saildrive elettrico Oceanvolt SD8.6

Le barche elettriche erano popolari intorno alla fine del XX secolo. L'interesse per il trasporto marittimo silenzioso e potenzialmente rinnovabile è costantemente aumentato dalla fine del XX secolo, poiché i pannelli solari hanno dato ai motoscafi la gamma infinita di barche a vela . I motori elettrici possono e sono stati utilizzati anche nelle barche a vela al posto dei tradizionali motori diesel. ^[65] I traghetti elettrici operano regolarmente. ^[66] I sottomarini utilizzano batterie (caricate da motori diesel o a benzina in superficie), energia nucleare , celle a combustibile ^[67] o motori Stirling per far funzionare eliche a motore elettrico.

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Veicolo elettrico plug-in

ossa funzionare alla sua gamma ottimale il più spesso possibile. ^[51]

Veicolo elettrico plug-in [ modifica ]

Articolo principale: veicolo elettrico plug-in

Vedi anche: ibrida plug-in e auto elettrica

Togg C-SUV ^[52] prodotto da Togg , ^[53] un'azienda automobilistica turca fondata nel 2018 per la produzione di veicoli elettrici. ^{[54] [55] [52]}

Un veicolo elettrico plug-in (PEV) è un qualsiasi veicolo a motore che può essere ricaricato da qualsiasi fonte esterna di elettricità, come le prese a muro , e l'elettricità immagazzinata nei pacchi batterie ricaricabili aziona o contribuisce a guidare le ruote. PEV è una sottocategoria di veicoli elettrici che include veicoli elettrici a batteria (BEV), veicoli ibridi plug-in (PHEV) e conversioni di veicoli elettrici di veicoli elettrici ibridi e veicoli convenzionali con motore a combustione interna . ^{[56] [57] [58]}

Veicolo elettrico ad autonomia estesa [ modifica ]

Un veicolo elettrico ad autonomia estesa (REEV) è un veicolo alimentato da un motore elettrico e una batteria plug-in. Un motore a combustione ausiliario viene utilizzato solo per integrare la ricarica della batteria e non come fonte primaria di energia. ^[59]

EV su strada e fuoristrada [ modifica ]

Un propulsore elettrico utilizzato da Power Vehicle Innovation per camion o autobus ^[60]

I veicoli elettrici su strada includono auto elettriche, filobus elettrici, autobus elettrici , autobus elettrici a batteria , camion elettrici , biciclette elettriche , motociclette e scooter elettrici , trasportatori personali , veicoli elettrici di quartiere , golf cart , carri del latte e carrelli elevatori . I veicoli fuoristrada includono veicoli fuoristrada e trattori elettrificati .

EV su rotaia [ modifica ]

Articolo principale: sistema di elettrificazione ferroviaria

Un tram (o tram) ad Hannover che assorbe corrente da un singolo cavo aereo attraverso un pantografo

La natura fissa di una linea ferroviaria rende relativamente facile alimentare i veicoli elettrici attraverso linee aeree permanenti o terze rotaie elettrificate , eliminando la necessità di pesanti batterie a bordo. Locomotive elettriche , unità multiple elettriche , tram elettrici (chiamati anche tram o carrelli), sistemi elettrici di metropolitana leggera e trasporto rapido elettrico sono tutti di uso comune oggi, specialmente in Europa e in Asia.

Since electric trains do not need to carry a heavy internal combustion engine or large batteries, they can have very good power-to-weight ratios. This allows high speed trains such as France's double-deck TGVs to operate at speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph) or higher, and electric locomotives to have a much higher power output than diesel locomotives. In addition, they have higher short-term surge power for fast acceleration, and using regenerative brakes can put braking power back into the electrical grid rather than wasting it.

Maglev trains are also nearly always EVs.^[61]

There are also battery electric passenger trains operating on non-electrified rail lines.

Space rover vehicles

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Adult overweight and obesity

Adult overweight and obesity

Main articles: Overnutrition, Obesity, and Overweight

Malnutrition in industrialized nations is primarily due to excess calories and non-nutritious carbohydrates, which has contributed to the obesity epidemic affecting both developed and some developing nations.^[102] In 2008, 35% of adults above the age of 20 years were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²), a prevalence that has doubled worldwide between 1980 and 2008.^[103] Also 10% of men and 14% of women were obese, with a BMI greater than 30.^[104] Rates of overweight and obesity vary across the globe, with the highest prevalence in the Americas, followed by European nations, where over 50% of the population is overweight or obese.^[104]

Obesity is more prevalent amongst high income and higher middle income groups than lower divisions of income.^[104] Women are more likely than men to be obese, where the rate of obesity in women doubled from 8% to 14% between 1980 and 2008.^[104] Being overweight as a child has become an increasingly important indicator for later development of obesity and non-infectious diseases such as heart disease.^[95] In several western European nations, the prevalence of overweight and obese children rose by 10% from 1980 to 1990, a rate that has begun to accelerate recently.^[2]

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Data on global and regional food supply

Data on global and regional food supply shows that consumption rose from 2011 to 2012 in all regions. Diets became more diverse, with a decrease in consumption of cereals and roots and an increase in fruits, vegetables, and meat products.^[99] However, this increase masks the discrepancies between nations, where Africa, in particular, saw a decrease in food consumption over the same years.^[99] This information is derived from food balance sheets that reflect national food supplies, however, this does not necessarily reflect the distribution of micro and macronutrients.^[99] Often inequality in food access leaves distribution which uneven, resulting in undernourishment for some and obesity for others.^[99]

Undernourishment, or hunger, according to the FAO, is dietary intake below the minimum daily energy requirement.^[53] The amount of undernourishment is calculated utilizing the average amount of food available for consumption, the size of the population, the relative disparities in access to the food, and the minimum calories required for each individual.^[53] According to FAO, 868 million people (12% of the global population) were undernourished in 2012.^[53] This has decreased across the world since 1990, in all regions except for Africa, where undernourishment has steadily increased.^[53] However, the rates of decrease are not sufficient to meet the first Millennium Development Goal of halving hunger between 1990 and 2015.^[53] The global financial, economic, and food price crisis in 2008 drove many people to hunger, especially women and children. The spike in food prices prevented many people from escaping poverty, because the poor spend a larger proportion of their income on food and farmers are net consumers of food.^[100] High food prices cause consumers to have less purchasing power and to substitute more-nutritious foods with low-cost alternatives.^[10

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Product delivery

Product delivery

Foodora's home delivery by bicycle in Tampere, Finland

Once a payment has been accepted, the goods or services can be delivered in the following ways. For physical items:

• Package delivery: The product is shipped to a customer-designated address. Retail package delivery is typically done by the public postal system or a retail courier such as FedEx, UPS, DHL, or TNT.
• Drop shipping: The order is passed to the manufacturer or third-party distributor, who then ships the item directly to the consumer, bypassing the retailer's physical location to save time, money, and space.
• In-store pick-up: The customer selects a local store using a locator software and picks up the delivered product at the selected location. This is the method often used in the bricks and clicks business model.

For digital items or tickets:

• Downloading/Digital distribution:^[35] The method often used for digital media products such as software, music, movies, or images.
• Printing out, provision of a code for, or e-mailing of such items as admission tickets and scrip (e.g., gift certificates and coupons). The tickets, codes, or coupons may be redeemed at the appropriate physical or online premises and their content reviewed to verify their eligibility (e.g., assurances that the right of admission or use is redeemed at the correct time and place, for the correct dollar amount, and for the correct number of uses).
• Will call, COBO (in Care Of Box Office), or "at the door" pickup: The patron picks up pre-purchased tickets for an event, such as a play, sporting event, or concert, either just before the event or in advance. With the onset of the Internet and e-commerce sites, which allow customers to buy tickets online, the popularity of this service has increased.

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Tipi di veicoli

ipi di veicoli [ modifica ]

In genere è possibile equipaggiare qualsiasi tipo di veicolo con un gruppo motopropulsore elettrico.

Veicoli terrestri [ modifica ]

Veicoli puramente elettrici [ modifica ]

Vedi anche: Auto elettrica e Veicolo elettrico a batteria

Un veicolo puramente elettrico o un veicolo completamente elettrico è alimentato esclusivamente da motori elettrici. L'elettricità può provenire da una batteria ( veicolo elettrico a batteria ), pannello solare ( veicolo solare ) o cella a combustibile ( veicolo a celle a combustibile ).

EV ibridi [ modifica ]

Questa sezione è un estratto da Veicolo elettrico ibrido . [ modifica ]

Un veicolo elettrico ibrido (HEV) è un tipo di veicolo ibrido che combina un sistema convenzionale di motore a combustione interna (ICE) con un sistema di propulsione elettrica ( trasmissione del veicolo ibrido ). La presenza del propulsore elettrico ha lo scopo di ottenere un migliore risparmio di carburante rispetto a un veicolo convenzionale o prestazioni migliori. Esiste una varietà di tipi di HEV e anche il grado in cui ciascuna funzione come veicolo elettrico (EV) varia. La forma più comune di HEV è l'auto elettrica ibrida, sebbene esistano anche camion elettrici ibridi (pickup e trattori), autobus, barche e aerei.

I moderni HEV utilizzano tecnologie che migliorano l'efficienza come i freni rigenerativi che convertono l'energia cinetica del veicolo in energia elettrica, che viene immagazzinata in una batteria o in un supercondensatore . Alcune varietà di HEV utilizzano un motore a combustione interna per far girare un generatore elettrico , che ricarica le batterie del veicolo o alimenta direttamente i suoi motori elettrici di azionamento; questa combinazione è nota come motore-generatore . ^[50] Molti HEV riducono le emissioni al minimo spegnendo il motore al minimo e riavviandolo quando necessario; questo è noto come un sistema start-stop. Un ibrido-elettrico produce emissioni allo scarico inferiori rispetto a un'auto a benzina di dimensioni comparabili poiché il motore a benzina dell'ibrido è solitamente più piccolo di quello di un veicolo a benzina. Se il motore non viene utilizzato per guidare direttamente l'auto, può essere impostato per funzionare alla massima efficienza, migliorando ulteriormente il risparmio di carburante.

There are different ways that a hybrid electric vehicle can combine the power from an electric motor and the internal combustion engine. The most common type is a parallel hybrid that connects the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through mechanical coupling. In this scenario, the electric motor and the engine can drive the wheels directly. Series hybrids only use the electric motor to drive the wheels and can often be referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) or range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs). There are also series-parallel hybrids where the vehicle can be powered by the engine working alone, the electric motor on its own, or by both working together; this is designed so that the engine can run at its optimum range as often as possible.^[51]

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